ATYPICAL GEOPHYSICAL PHENOMENA OCCURRING IN INTERCONNECTED KIMBERLITE PIPES AT THE MOMENT OF EMERGENCE SPONTANEOUS POLARIZATION

The purpose of the article:

1. to contribute to the accumulation of scientifically based facts that theoretically explain phenomena such as acoustic mirage, acoustic antiresonance, electromagnetic antiresonance and negative local electromagnetic field;
2. to theoretically substantiate the statement that the phenomena described above may be both direct and indirect signs of interconnected atypical non-magnetic kimberlite pipes;
3. the above-mentioned phenomena are supposed to correctly interpret previously identified anomalies;
4. to contribute to the scientific discussion on very interesting and unusual phenomena, which, as a rule, have initially been interpreted as paranormal, but may in fact be unique occurrences;
5. to find an interested investor for a practical study and exploration of a diamond deposit in the Katansky district of the Irkutsk region.

In order to understand the seriousness of the problem, it is necessary to turn to the history of diamond exploration. In the early 1990s, when the reserves of readily available magnetic kimberlite pipes were exhausted, a crisis began in the field of diamond exploration, which continues to the present day.

 

Despite the discovery of three non-magnetic kimberlite pipes in Yakutia in 1999, 2008, and 2014, which were subsequently named the Nakyn kimberlite field, a problem remained. The pipes of this field differ from those previously found in almost all parameters: both in the magnetic field and in the mineral composition of kimberlites [2]. These pipes were obstructed by layers of sedimentary rock.

 

Only three such pipes were discovered. All three of these pipes were accidentally opened, they are also interconnected, moreover they did not appear in the geophysical fields. Since the pipes differed significantly in their mineral composition from those previously found, raises questions about the accuracy of the algorithm that was previously used to reject the pipes (it is based on the quantitative composition of the minerals of the diamond satellites). All these pipes have record diamond bearing.

 

Several pipes with a negative magnetic field that were discovered in Africa since 2014 failed to clarify the situation, contradicting the laws of physics. Before that, it was believed that there were no geological structures with a local negative magnetic field in nature. The incident was attributed to the residual magnetization of the rocks.

 

It cannot be stated that no efforts have been made. The geologists of ALROSA have attempted to utilize more sensitive geophysical instrumentation, but this has also not yielded the desired outcomes: numerous anomalies immediately arise that cannot be accurately interpreted. We need an effective anomaly rejection method or a new method to search for kimberlites.

 

A prolonged crisis in diamond exploration, despite the fact that the Nakyn kimberlite field was discovered, will cause a crisis in diamond mining by 2025. The reserves of this field will run out by that time, and if nothing significant is found in the Irkutsk region within next five years, it will be possible to talk about the "and of diamond mining” in Russia by 2030. By that time, the pipes “Internationalnaya” and "Udachnaya" will be closed.

 

In this situation, it is difficult to imagine that the kimberlite pipe with a negative magnetic field that I found forty years ago would be inappropriate. At that time, it was impossible to understand what it was. There was no theoretical justification for how to interpret it. After the first kimberlite pipe with a negative magnetic field was discovered in 2014, such justifications appeared. The devices and equipment used in this case were very primitive: a bussol and an axe.

 

A negative magnetic field, acoustic mirage, acoustic antiresonance and electromagnetic antiresonances were observed on the anomaly that I found. I identified the anomaly as a kimberlite pipe connected to another homogeneous in composition anisotropic in magnetic field. I will propose a hypothesis that can explain all these unusual phenomena and the history of their discovery.

 

In 1978, the detachment that I led ran out of food while we were on a route in the taiga. To replenish our supplies, I had to go to the base camp. Along the route, my dog barked. I could tell by his voice that he was barking at something small, either a squirrel or a sable. I came closer and saw my dog barking at a chipmunk. I tried to keep my dog from doing this, but it was already furious and did not react to me. I continued my way. Before I had taken ten steps, the dog stopped barking, and I suddenly heard two people talking. It is worth noting that it was at least 250 kilometers to the nearest settlement in a straight line, and there could not be people nearby.  The conversation was unclear, but it seemed that people were close to the campfire. It was possible to hear voices, although they were muffled. It seemed that the closer a voice was to the campfire, the more clearly and distinctly it could be heard.

 

I heard the clinking of dishes, the crackling of twigs from a burning fire, and two dogs fighting apparently over a bone. I remember the voices of these dogs. One dog had a thin, high-pitched voice, most likely belonging to a young female, and the other dog had a deep, rough voice, likely belonging to an older male. The voices of the dogs were very different.

 

It was also strange that as soon as one of the interlocutors moved a little further away, he could no longer be heard, although the conversation continued and the voice between the interlocutors did not rise. An attempt to determine which side the voices were coming from was futile. The voices seemed to come from everywhere, as there were no mountains or even hills around. I tried to call people, but my efforts were not successful. I even shot, but to no avail. People and dogs still did not hear me. I felt a slight unease and turned around to exit the area, raising my head and seeing my dog, who was still continuously barking at an animal. It then slowly dawned on me that I saw the dog but did not hear its voice.  The state of confusion I found myself in for a moment and the swirling thoughts in my mind are difficult to describe.

 

The difference between what I saw and what I heard was completely the opposite. I took a step forward, the male voices instantly disappeared, and I heard the familiar barking of my dog again. The world has become ordinary again with sounds corresponding to reality.  In the current situation, I immediately had to think and analyze it. The question arose: did I have a manifestation of a mental disorder or was it really something unusual. All my subsequent actions were contingent upon resolving this matter. When you are sure that you are alone for hundreds of kilometers and there is nowhere to wait for help, it becomes very important. You need to know whether to move on or try to get back to people, and how to do it.

 

To understand the situation, I take a step back without turning around to face the dog. At this point, I encounter the anomaly again. I cannot hear the dog's voice, but I can hear people's voices. However, when I take a step forward, everything comes back to normal. I entered the abnormal zone several times and returned at different intervals, but the result was always the same: sometimes I heard people and did not hear the dog, sometimes the opposite.

 

It became clear that the psyche had nothing to do with it.  Our uranium deposits teacher's words came to mind, she always liked to repeat that all deposits and anomalies are confined to faults of the earth's crust. To verify her statement, I had to pull myself together and start doing what a normal geologist should do.

 

 Since there was nothing suitable at hand except an axe, I began making attempts from two sides at those trees on the border of which I started hearing sounds of an anomaly. Therefore, I started to move forward, gradually. At first, I was moving in a north-westerly direction, then north. After about 20 minutes of such work, I was not only convinced that there were no abnormal phenomena, as well as that the sound was of man-made origin, but also realized that this was something like a deposit.

 

But by this time, recovery processes had begun to occur in the anomaly. The voices became even more indistinct. From time to time, they began to disappear, and I realized that the sound was about to disappear completely. I could not finish my work, and it soon happened. I had to resort to surveying compass help, I decided to check how the arrow would behave in this anomaly. My assumption and expectation that the bussol arrow would move erratically did not come true. However, its behavior was unusual. The arrow did not move back and forth, but simply turned 180 degrees, firmly showing the opposite direction - from north to south, and from south to north. As soon as I took bussol out of the anomaly, even, sometimes, slightly touching it, and it returned to its normal position. I went back a little bit to check if the boundaries of the sound anomaly coincided with the magnetic component. They clearly coincided with the blazes.

 

After about 2.5 - 3 hours, I returned to my first blaze, making a circle. It was not difficult to measure the anomaly by geological steps from north to south and from east to west, and then topographically link it. It turned out to be an almost perfect circle with a diameter of 200 meters. The diameter of the kimberlite (the diatreme of the pipe), according to my calculations, should be 193 - 195 meters. This is indicated by a small fault found in one place in the form of a hollow, with different height edges from 0.5 meters to 1 meter deep and no more than 50 meters long, which encircles the cuts at a distance of 2.5 - 3.5 meters. The fault is located from the blazes closer to the diatreme.

 

This case is not unique. I know of a reliable case when one group of geologists, having heard the voices of the second group, even recognized them as the voices of acquaintances. In a very similar situation, they, unable to find a solution to the problem, blamed everything on the "machinations of local Yakut gods." In their case, the distance between the two groups was approximately 10 kilometers. They were searching for diamonds. Several members of the group are still alive.

 

Nikola Tesla said: “What one man calls God; another calls the laws of physics.” My case also appears to be fantastic, but it may be explained scientifically by a rare coincidence and the interaction of several physical phenomena.

 

I believe that I was a rare, though not the only witness to the pyroelectric effect that occurred in a kimberlite pipe and the effects of which spread to at least another kimberlite pipe connected with the first one. There were at least two and possibly more pipes.  Due to geological factors, the field of the tubes was anisotropic, with a value equal to zero in the entire system of kimberlite pipes or with a field very close to this indicator. The pipes themselves were homogeneous in composition. If this assumption is taken as an axiom, all the anomalies discovered during the study will not only be easily explained, but also interrelated, logically follow one another.

 

Quartz became the trigger and catalyst. There is not much of it in a kimberlite pipe, therefore, the tube field should be close to zero value. Spontaneous avalanche polarization was caused by a bonfire burning on one of the pipes [4]. Kimberlite, apparently, came close to the surface of the earth in this place. In my case, it could have been a smokehouse. The temperature difference between heated rock and unheated rock could be up to 2°C at a depth of 1.5 meters. This is more than enough for the pyroelectric effect that quartz has. Quartz crystals got into the heat field created by the fire at a certain moment. Mechanical vibrations of the human voice inevitably created micro temperature fluctuations in the thermal field, to which quartz located in this field reacted (natural quartz is able to capture hundredths of a degree, modern artificial pyroelectric crystals - thousandths of a degree. Such an antenna microphone is capable of reaching a depth of tens of meters.). The resulting pyroelectric effect inevitably causes the reverse piezoelectric effect [1], in which a phase shift in the electrical signal occurs due to the difference in speed of the reactions between the electrical and mechanical components of quartz crystals [3]. At this moment, there was a shift of the electromagnetic field by 90 °, since the acoustic and thermal components were previously superimposed on the electromagnetic component, they also turned out to be phase-shifted. This subsequently caused magnetic and sonic antiresonances to the anomaly I was experiencing. Further, along the two- to three-meter zone of high electrical conductivity that surrounds any kimberlite pipe, this field was transmitted to the tube in which I was. And an electromagnetic field shifted by 180° with sound and thermal components superimposed on it has already arisen and finally formed.  Micro-vibrations of kimberlite were transmitted to the upper layer of sedimentary rocks, from it to the air layer. These are the sounds I heard when I entered the anomaly zone. Upon leaving the anomalous zone, I was given a unique opportunity to see and hear firsthand the antagonistic collision consequences of the wave phases of the negative electromagnetic field of the anomaly and the positive field of the territory. Sometimes I heard the voices of people taking a step, sometimes not; then I saw a dog and heard its voice, then I only saw it. And when the fire burned down, I had the opportunity to observe the peculiar behavior of the compass.

 

This happened on the anomaly I was in —a negative magnetic field appeared, coinciding in frequency with the field of the environment, but phase-shifted.

 

I want to clarify that my point of view on the negative magnetic field in a kimberlite pipe does not contradict the official one. What I observed was not the field of the pipe, but the result of spontaneous polarization in this pipe. The tube itself is non-magnetic with a zero field value, according to the type of Nakyn kimberlite field, with all the characteristics that follow from this.

 

After discovering the first kimberlite pipe, it was natural for me to continue searching and eventually find a second one. Since we carried out measurements not only along the route, but also in places where exploration had previously been carried out and geologists found something interesting, these points were called "control points". At one of these points, old collapsed pits were found, and between them, the same old, littered exploration ditch. This ditch allowed us to confidently assume that they were attempting to mine there. And there must be reasons for this. No one would simply dig a ditch like that – it is a troublesome task. There was a place fenced off with stones to make a fire using coals that had not yet cooled down. There was a sluice-box (a primitive flushing device) made of fresh boards, a little further on there was a smokehouse from a two-hundred-liter barrel dug into the ground with a specific smell of freshly smoked fish. There was also a small aluminum one-person boat. This boat is easily transported by one person and, in the taiga, would be an asset that no one would want to leave behind. The residents had to travel approximately 300 kilometers downstream for a period of time. There was a stream flowing into the river. Apparently, due to the nature of exploration traces, these explorers also realized that something interesting had been found there and decided to explore the mouth of the stream themselves. They were likely local hunters. Later, their dogs chased a moose towards us. I recognized them by their voices, which were in sharp contrast to each other. Once upon a time, these dogs fought over a bone. It has become apparent that this location is somehow linked to the anomaly I discovered, but how exactly? It took me many years to realize this. Both these seekers and my group knew at the time that we were next to each other, but for obvious reasons we did not want to meet.

 

I will present the conclusions drawn from the analysis of previous years' work, which confirm my assumptions.

 

Conclusions from previous years' research

1. The river from the mouth to the source, as well as in almost all tributaries, is infected with diamonds.
2. Several hundred diamonds were found in the river.
3. Diamonds are larger at the source, smaller at the mouth. There are fewer finds along the terraces of almost the entire river than in the riverbed.
4. All identified placers are poor and unsuitable for industrial development.
5. In all the productive formations, findings were made both in the near-bedrock zone and in other strata of the productive formation. No patterns have been identified in the distribution of diamonds within the formations.
6. Overwhelmingly, all the diamonds found are of the same shape, with convex faces and a smooth rhombic dodecahedron surface. Fewer diamond fragments were found in sources than in mouths.
7. The bulk of the diamonds were extracted from samples where heavy fractions account for 2.5% of the granular mass. No diamonds were found in samples where the heavy fraction makes up less than 1% or more than 6% of granular mass.
8. Diamond enrichment of modern deposits occurs due to the erosion of indigenous sources, which are located in the upper reaches of the river and its tributaries.
9. The search for indigenous deposits can have both practical importance and a great theoretical interest.
10. A number of structures have been named, which, according to the assumption, may be explosion pipes and which need to be given special attention.

Сonclusion

 

1. The anomaly I found, both according to the conclusion in the reports I studied and according to my conclusions, may be an "explosion tube".

 

2. The control point that the report suggested paying attention to is the explosion tube. It was located about 30 km downstream from the anomaly that I found. Based on my estimation, there should be a third tube even lower. All three tubes are interconnected, homogeneous in composition, and anisotropic in field.

 

3. Several diamonds with an average weight of 26.5 mg were found in the designated area of the river. This proves that the kimberlite pipe I found is likely to be diamond-bearing.

 

4. All the uncharacteristic features that I have identified can be forced (repeated).

 

5. Unusual clouds in color and shape were observed over two presumably kimberlite pipes in completely clear, cloudless weather. One column-shaped cloud of gray and black color was above each tube. A bonfire and a smokehouse were burning at the checkpoint at that time. I assume that these are related phenomena. This phenomenon was not observed again when located at this point. This phenomenon was observed by all members of the team for an extended period of time.

 

6. The reports state that the exploration of indigenous deposits in this area will be of great theoretical interest. I believe that this would allow us to predict the location of such pipes more precisely, as well as answer the questions: why these pipes have such an unusual shape, how it could happen and what is the reason for this.

 

7. It follows from the above that phenomena such as acoustic mirage, acoustic antiresonance, electromagnetic antiresonance and a local negative magnetic field can be recognized partly as indirect and partly as direct signs of several interconnected non-magnetic kimberlite pipes. Direct ones include those that can only occur in kimberlite pipes:

 

а) negative local electromagnetic field;

b) electromagnetic antiresonance.

 

Moreover, electromagnetic antiresonance can only occur in interconnected non-magnetic kimberlite pipes. If they had known this in 1999, they would have spent much less time and money on discovering the Nakyn kimberlite field. Due to the change in search methodology and use of alternative geophysical methods, it becomes possible to identify and contour diatremes of non-magnetic kimberlite pipes reaching an accuracy of up to one meter, significantly speeding up the process. Indirect phenomena include other phenomena (which may have different physical origins) such as acoustic mirage and acoustic antiresonance. Acoustic antiresonance may also occur as a result of the reflection of acoustic waves from other objects, and the collision of these waves with each other at a certain point in space. This is the case, for example, with the design of automobile or weapon silencers.

 

8. In Yakutia, James Savrasov, the first director of the Kimberlite Museum, met with a similar phenomenon in the Ozhoginskaya duct, which flows into the Indigirka. In his book of memoirs, «My Diamond Joys and Worries» («Мои алмазные радости и тревоги»), the chapter "Sound Mirage" («ЗВУКОВОЙ МИРАЖ») is dedicated to this topic.

 

The accuracy of my conclusions is confirmed by the conclusions of geologists who carried out work on mapping this territory in order to explore the prospects for finding indigenous diamond deposits (their conclusions are presented above). The results of the drilling operations will likely provide a resolution to this matter. Confirmation of our theory would allow us to modify the method of locating such pipes.